How electronic medication administration has prevent medication error Essay

How electronic medication administration has prevent medication error - Essay Example Research reveals that eMAR (electronic medication administration record) minimizes medication administration faults, as well as other adverse occasions that are drug-related. With the help of eMAR bar code technology, physicians are capable of issuing correct medication at the right time to the appropriate patients (Chan, 2010). When nurses adopt this technology, patients’ medication orders appear on their chart electronically after being endorsed by a pharmacist. Nurses are also alerted by this technology in case the medication of a particular patient is overdue. Here, the nurse is supposed to scan the patients’ barcode on their wristband before proceeding to those who are on medication. If the two fail to match the appropriate medication order, one is issued with a warning indicating that the treatment is not right (Richardson, Thomas, & McDowell, 2013). Moreover, CPOE (computerized provider order entry) is an electronic prescribing practice that minimizes errors that are related to wrong transcription or poor handwriting. CPOE systems support drug prescription, alert on unsafe interactions, and allow physicians to make right medication decisions, which minimizes errors further (Ward, Froehle, Hart, Collins, & Lindsell, 2014). Therefore, it is true that electronic medication administration plays a vital role in inhibiting medical faults. Chan, S. (2010). Factors Associated With the Use of Electronic Information Systems for Drug Dispensing and Medication Administration Records in Nursing Homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 9(6), 414-421. Richardson, S. J., Thomas, S. K., & McDowell, S. K. (2013). Medication self-administration in hospitalised patients: An evaluation using data from an electronic prescribing and medication administration system. Clinical Therapeutics, 36(8), e32-e37. Ward, M. J., Froehle, C. M., Hart, K. W., Collins, S. P., & Lindsell, C. J. (2014). Transient and Sustained Changes in

Inflation in saudi arabia

Inflation in saudi arabia Introduction Has resulted in the volume of global monetary easing restrictions and taxes over the past two years, many observers suggest that compared to a rise in inflation all but inevitable. Since the budget of the Federal Reserve extended only $ 800 billion to 2.2 trillion U.S. dollars in less than a year, and many believe that the sharp price pressures emerge, almost regardless of the pace of recovery in the total production. These concerns are also evident in Saudi Arabia. Inflation has moderated significantly since 2008 to the mid-high percent 11. But some local commentators fear that raised sharp rise in the prices of both the government and expansion of strong financial (increase spending by 10 per cent of GDP in 2009), and high rates of inflation in the world of food in the country through the import channel. These fears are justified? To answer this, we will examine inflation peak of 2007-08, in order to obtain a better understanding of the main causes of inflation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We will take this into account developments in 2009, when inflationary pressures rather quickly, before going on to study the possibilities of short and medium term for the different programs, both nationally and internationally. Some inflation is a good thing. In a period of deflation households tend to postpone consumption in waiting further down the prices to come. This, in turn, forces companies to delay investment decisions, which means that output at the end starts to decline and unemployment rates will rise. Increase in real interest rates also, triggering defaults and tightening credit. However, the hyper-inflation and unwelcome. Also price-distorting, and inflation erodes the rapid increase in savings, and reduces the value of profits in the future (and thus discouraging investment), stimulates capital flight (in the foreign assets and precious metals, real estate or non-productive) and held economic planning. In its most extreme, could spark inflation, social unrest and political turmoil. Thus, the rate of moderate and stable and predictable growth of prices for both producers and consumers and investors to feel comfortable, is a universally recognized goal of monetary policy. What was the experience of inflation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia? Inflation in Saudi Arabia Is a measure of inflation in the Kingdom in two ways: through the cost of living (CLI) and the index of wholesale prices, which are both there and published by Department of Statistics and Information (a government department which is completely separate from the central bank and the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency). There are periodic surveys of labor productivity or inflation expectations. Saudi Arabia has a history of low inflation and stable CLI is composed of hundreds of products, and builds index 1999. Energy costs and the rental together represent about 44 percent of the total index. And supports about 10 percent of goods and services in the Qatari initiative by the authorities, particularly petroleum products and electricity. Is fixed the prices of these goods for long periods, and therefore rarely have any impact on changes in the CLI. For these reasons, there is no distinction between inflation and the title of core, which excludes food and energy prices. And guided by the Central Bank and the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, through public policy to maintain price stability in the exchange rate. Under a fixed barrier, such as those enjoyed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and price stability, in theory, take a back seat to keep the exchange rate. However, for long periods in the history of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia both targets have been comfortably accommodated. Consumer prices rose at an annual rate of 1.3 percent in 1990 and 0.1 percent in the period 2000-06, while there was only a modest factor occasional pressure on the exchange rate. The inflation path sweet reflects a number of factors, including economic activity generally moderate, and easy access to cheap imports, and labor market flexibility, and open capital account. This has helped the fixed exchange rate itself to reduce inflationary expectations. High inflation began to emerge in 2007 This has begun to change in 2007. In that year, and the acceleration of inflation in consumer prices to an average annual rate of 4 percent (from 2.4 percent in 2006), and ending the year at 6.5 percent. Prices continued to grow rapidly in 2008 with inflation of 12 months, reaching a peak of 11.1 percent in July. Observers focused on the exchange rate peg Inflation has grown rapidly, despite the tightening of monetary policy in the early and strong are the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, including a sharp increase in work requirements and the Central Bank issues an escalation of Treasury Bills. Has resulted in the ineffectiveness of these measures many commentators to focus on the Saudi riyal, the U.S. dollar. He highlighted two specific issues. First, linking and the generation of imported inflation, according to observers. High inflation and coincided with the sharp weakness in the value of the U.S. dollar against most major currencies, with its value against the trade-weighted basket of currencies (the nominal effective exchange rate) fell by about 4.3 percent in 2007 and increased 3.7 per cent in 2008, after 1 , 5 percent in 2006. Has developed this upward pressure on import prices and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and therefore, according to the prices of many from Saudi Arabia, and retail. Have been reported on the constraints imposed on monetary policy Another explanation focuses on monetary policy. Connectivity forced fixed space policy of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency, and restrictions on what can lead to this interest rate and the growth of domestic credit. If the rate of Saudi Arabia has moved too far out of line with the rates of the United States, then the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency to the risk of attracting capital flows side Put upward pressure on the exchange rate. Have been identified and this limitation is particularly salient because of commercial bank lending and rapid expansion. , In mid-2008, bank lending to the private sector has been growing at 35 percent a year on an annual basis is not as high as is the case in some other Gulf countries, but rapid enough to suggest that the Saudi economy was overheating. Unfortunately, with the United States to reduce the speed mode, there was little can be done by the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency that it is up the growth of liquidity in line with the essentials. International Monetary Fund more of the characteristics of the inflationary pressures on food inflation and business partners The justification for linking the Centre on the exchange rate? The dramatic rise in the rate of inflation is primarily a product of the limitations of monetary policy and the weak dollar or the interaction of several factors more complicated than this? In fact, evidence suggests that the main causes of inflation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, both short-term inflation and long-term partner is the commercial and food prices all over the world. Fixed exchange rate also helps, but mostly to help. International Monetary Fund, which conducted extensive research on this Topic2 enough, and believed that without adjusting the exchange rate (and not under the horizontal bar), an increase in the prices of imported goods have a direct and fast on domestic prices in saudi arabia. Food prices, which can be seen both as a source of inflation on business partners and external factor in a part of has had a strong impact on prices in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Internal factors such as increases in aggregate demand, they play only a minor role, according to the International Monetary Fund. This largely explains the limited impact of changes in interest rates in the UK (see chart below) 0.3 Particularly the International Monetary Fund believes that the search to increase the price per cent in levels of trading partners results in an increase of 0.83 percent of the price level in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pass-through effect is the effect of changes in the nominal exchange rate is relatively modest increase of one percent (estimate) IsoDraw results in a 0.19 percent decline in the price level in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Exchange rate pass-through is weak, according to the International Monetary Fund Because the exchange rate pass-through is very weak? International Monetary Fund notes that while the changes in price levels of trading partners, usually permanent, and changes in exchange rates are not. Therefore, exporters, Bearing this in mind, and the need to protect its stake in the Saudi market, you may be willing to absorb all or part of the exchange rate effect by adjusting the profit mark-up market price. Similarly, the Saudi importers may also adjust the profit mark-ups to maintain market share. It also puts the IMF said that the market share of the profits today determines tomorrow (in fact, this phenomenon has been well documented in other countries) The IMF attributes little impact on internal factors such as inflation, government spending and monetary policy. This, perhaps, overlooking the impact of changes in total domestic demand in the area of non-commercial, such as rental costs, and will look at later, as well as on asset prices, which are not covered in this document. However draws a large crowd out of the fund makes sense, given that the expression is usually an increase in domestic demand through the import channel, rather than to be in demand for domestically produced consumer goods (which are limited). Interest rates in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Is the definition of the scope of monetary policy by the exchange rate peg, and this is why politics has traditionally tended to be negative. However, there is evidence to suggest that even if the authorities were free to adjust interest rates to their will, and this would be only a limited impact on inflationary pressures in the Kingdom. With many shops located on the Kingdom of the Arab-Islamic, and the stock market the only realistic alternative for liquidity, and broadcast signals interest rate tends to be low in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf. This is evident in the storage activity in 2009: total deposits increased by more than 11 percent last year, despite the sharp decline in interest rates on deposits nominal (from 2.89 percent on average in 2008 to 0.63 per cent in 2009) The downside of this is the lack of sensitivity to interest rates on loans. In its efforts to offset the impact of the global financial crisis, which held the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency monetary tightening very quickly in the late 2008s and early 2009. And lower interest rates (in line with the rates of the United States), was reduced reserve requirements, has been reduced treasury bill auctions, and carried out operations to pump liquidity into the banking system directly. However, this does not encourage commercial banks to increase lending to the private sector, however, loans contracted slightly during 2009. In short, even if the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency and have full control over interest rates is not certain that this will enable him to exercise a decisive influence on the levels of credit or deposits in the economy. SPIKE 2007-08 inflationary Review of the 2007-08 high rates of inflation, we can see that the factors identified by the International Monetary Fund has already play an important role. The main driver of earnings of 4 percent in 2007, its index is the pick-up and pronounced in food prices, which rose by 7 per cent. This category includes the largest weighting of the Central Administration of Statistics basket with 26 per cent. Within this category there were significant increases in the prices of vegetables and tubers (30%), and fresh vegetables (12%) and fish (12%) and cereals (7%), meat and poultry (6 percent). Inflation trends in recent Inflation and cool quickly After reaching a peak of 11.1 percent in July 2008, began to cool inflationary pressures in the second half of 2008 and declined somewhat quickly in 2009. And price growth fell to about 4.5 percent by the end of 2009 (an average of 2009 from 5.1 per cent) and stabilized at around this level in the first two months of 2010. This rate is slightly higher than the historical average over the long term, but also in the range of rapidly growing emerging markets such as Saudi Arabia. What caused this decline in price pressures? It was in fact the key factors external dampers that have been identified in advance. With the intensification of the global financial crisis in mid-2008, global economic confidence began to decline rapidly, and the prices of most commodities fell sharply. Food prices along with this trend, with the benchmark S P / Goldman Sachs index reduced by 28 percent between September and December 2008. The U.S. dollar strengthening a shadow on the appetite for agricultural products And dried in risk appetite as investors in the integrity and clear of the public debt of the United States, so the price of the dollar. This had an impact on the indicators made goods less attractive to investors than the dollar. These reduced prices and significantly reduce costs for importers to deal with the Saudi Trade on the basis of the dollar, like New York and Chicago boards of trade. Separately, and made a strong dollar is also cheaper for traders to import Saudi origin directly from the non-dollar countries, landlocked such as Canada, Brazil or Australia. These dynamics are clearly visible in Saudi Arabia index, which shows the component of food and beverages rose 2.5 percent between 2009 and December 2008 to June. Trading partners inflation has also facilitated the rapid At the same time, inflation among trading partners have also begun to soften. For example, the average inflation rate in the Kingdom of the four main sources of imports (the United States and China, Japan and Germany) has declined from 4 percent in the first quarter of 2008 to zero per cent a year later. Rate and then moved into negative territory for the remainder of 2009. In the autumn of this year in inflation pressure trading partners downward to develop a full range of goods imported into the index Arabia, even though most of these will not be arrested in certain categories of the index. Rent price inflation remained strong If high food prices are falling, and inflation of trading partners and turned negative, it maintained rates of inflation in the Kingdom? After all, at 4.5 percent, and inflation is still higher than historical norms. The answer is that the component has continued to hire the Qatari initiative for growth: The average inflation to spend the Christmas holiday and was 17.5 percent in 2008, and cools only slightly to 14 percent in 2009. With strong demand for rental expenditure At first glance, and a constant force of the Charter of the index is incompatible with the general deterioration of the confidence of the individuals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf in general. Private investment in the ground to arrest is imminent in the Kingdom of 2009, as credit dried up and drew the plans. However, unlike many of the governments in the Gulf region, said that the Saudi public sector resources to fill the gap left by the private sector and support investment. Increase in central government expenditure by 10 per cent of the remarkable GDP in 2009, and implementation of new projects for public infrastructure helped fuel the demand for expatriate workers, and kept upward pressure on rents Conclusion It is expected that a period of above-average growth in food prices to continue. Will use the structural changes in the global economy and agricultural products and the forces instrumental in raising the prices of basic commodities. He asked the local factors to put more pressure on consumer prices in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. About one third of the worlds population directly benefiting from what appears to be the sustainable economic boom in China and India. This will continue to raise living standards and changing patterns of food consumption, and high prices and demand and thus higher quality and more complex food. The need for raw materials for many of the new ethanol plants currently under construction to add more high food prices all over the world. A recent report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization projects that the percentage increase in the prices of agricultural products between 20 and 50 in the next 10 years. Forecasts by the Ministry of Agriculture in the United States also point to the continuing rise in the prices of major crops until the end of the decade. And will move higher agricultural commodity prices to consumers in the form of higher food prices in the shops.

Eve of the civil war Essay -- essays research papers

On the eve of the Civil War, the United States was a nation divided into four quite distinct regions: the Northeast, with a growing industrial and commercial economy and an increasing density of population; the Northwest, now known as the Midwest, a rapidly expanding region of free farmers where slavery had been forever prohibited under the Northwest Ordinance; the Upper South, with a settled plantation system and (in some areas) declining economic fortunes; and the Southwest, a booming frontier-like region with an expanding cotton economy. With two fundamentally different labor systems at their base, the economic and social changes across the nation's geographical regions – based on wage labor in the North and on slavery in the South – underlay distinct visions of society that had emerged by the mid-nineteenth century in the North and in the South. Before the Civil War, the Constitution provided a basis for peaceful debate over the future of government, and had been able to regulate conflicts of interest and conflicting visions for the new, rapidly expanding nation. For many years, compromises had been made to balance the number of "free states" and "slave states" so that there would be a balance in the Senate. The last slave state admitted was Texas in 1845, with five free states admitted between 1846 and 1859. The admission of Kansas as a slave state had recently been blocked, and it was due to enter as a free state instead in 1861. The rise of mass d... Eve of the civil war Essay -- essays research papers On the eve of the Civil War, the United States was a nation divided into four quite distinct regions: the Northeast, with a growing industrial and commercial economy and an increasing density of population; the Northwest, now known as the Midwest, a rapidly expanding region of free farmers where slavery had been forever prohibited under the Northwest Ordinance; the Upper South, with a settled plantation system and (in some areas) declining economic fortunes; and the Southwest, a booming frontier-like region with an expanding cotton economy. With two fundamentally different labor systems at their base, the economic and social changes across the nation's geographical regions – based on wage labor in the North and on slavery in the South – underlay distinct visions of society that had emerged by the mid-nineteenth century in the North and in the South. Before the Civil War, the Constitution provided a basis for peaceful debate over the future of government, and had been able to regulate conflicts of interest and conflicting visions for the new, rapidly expanding nation. For many years, compromises had been made to balance the number of "free states" and "slave states" so that there would be a balance in the Senate. The last slave state admitted was Texas in 1845, with five free states admitted between 1846 and 1859. The admission of Kansas as a slave state had recently been blocked, and it was due to enter as a free state instead in 1861. The rise of mass d...

An application of Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to Carl Rogers 10 Principles of Learning

An application of Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to Carl Rogers 10 Principles of LearningIntroduction The objective of this paper is to explore the relevance of applying Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to the 10 principles of learning put forward by Carl Rogers in ‘Freedom to Learn’ (1969).Rogers was one of the founders of the humanistic approach to psychotherapy and he was also a fervent educationalist. ‘Freedom to Learn’ (Rogers,1969) and ‘Freedom to Learn for the 80’s’ (Rogers,1983) were both a direct challenge to the education system in the United States. His introduction starts: ‘Our education system is, I believe, failing to meet the needs of our society’ (Rogers,1983).He questioned those who were saying ‘We must tell children what is right and wrong, that we must teach and they must follow’ (Rogers,1983). He noted that large and powerful groups were  insisting that students must not read certain books and believed teachers operated in a climate of fear, unable to encourage children to grow to their full potential. The very title ‘Freedom to Learn’ was a statement of discontent with the system.Maslow, in contrast to looking at the educational system, focused on the individual. His theory of human motivation was published towards the end of the World War II (1943). Maslow was heavily influenced by Freud (but did not consider himself a Freudian). In simple terms, Maslow took an optimistic view of life in contrast to Freud’s pessimism.Maslow’s views in many ways mirrored Jung and Adler but again, he did not consider himself a Jungian or an Adlerian. He formed his own theory that all humans are motivated to achieve their true potential providing that their basic psychological needs are met.He took a holistic view of life that the human creature begins as a kind of acorn, with all the characteristics of a fully grown tree inside it. His theory of human motivation became known as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.In this essay I point out the congruence of the two psychologists’ theories – Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Rogers’ 10 principles of learning. What is learning?  Ã¢â‚¬ËœHuman beings have a natural potential for learning’ (Rogers first principle,1969). Rogers (1994) puts learning along a continuum, whereby at one end learning is not experiential and there is little or no meaning, with ‘syllables’ quickly forgotten. At the other end, ‘significant, meaningful experiential learning’ occurs. A very simple explanation of the two would be, one can read a book on swimming or, talk to a coach, but until any meaningful experiential work has taken place (i.e. one gets into the water)  learning will not commence.Rogers furthered his argument by saying that the education system had traditionally thought of learning as an orderly type of cognitive, left-brain activity w hich could be measured, ranked and ordered. However in his view, if a student is conditioned or even forced under threat to learn in this way then he may be capable of ‘regurgitating’ knowledge but not necessarily understanding it. Rogers believed that also utilising the right side of the brain was required in order to involve the whole person in the learning process. This would appear to be a more complete understanding of learning.Maslow stated that theory separated from experience and practice could be very dangerous. ‘On the other hand, the practical person who does not understand theory is also handicapped’(Goble,1970). It is clear Maslow supports Rogers view of experiential learning.Our Basic Needs Maslow perceived the human as driven, motivated and propelled by potent forces and called these forces human needs: ‘Human needs arrange themselves in hierarchies of pre-potency, that is to say the appearance of one need usually rests on the prior sat isfaction of another, more pre-potent need. Man is a perpetually wanting animal’ (Maslow,1943). He also added that no need or drive could be treated as if it were isolated or discrete and that every drive was related to the state of satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the other drives.Maslow presented his theory of motivation as a pyramid-like structure covering five levels of need; psychological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and – at the pinnacle – self-actualisation.  The psychological needs are somatic (i.e. they relate to the body not the mind) and as such are not strictly motivated actions. Maslow defines the somatic drives as: air, food, water, sex and secretion. Once the somatic drives are met, motivated drives will follow.Significantly, Maslow was the first to expound the premise that learning can only commence once the psychological needs have been satisfied and that at least part of each stage of learning must be achieved before progressing up t he pyramid.He was particularly concerned that once the basic needs have been met, children need to ‘learn to be responsible for each other, to care for each other, not only for the sake of others but for their own sake’ (Goble,1970).Maslow also believed there was no fast track route to self-actualisation and that learning could slip backwards if circumstances changed. For example, the child when frightened clings to his mother or the child berated by parents for not getting the grades brings fear and insecurity, leaving him to scurry anxiously back down the stairs to relative safety and security.With the above point in mind let us continue our focus on Rogers’ principles and explore where there are similarities in approach. ‘Those learnings which are threatening to the self are more easily perceived and assimilated when external threats are at a minimum’ (Rogers’ fourth principle,1969). Conversely when external threats are present, learning st ops and we seek safety and comfort.Rogers’ example is of a boy with reading difficulties being forced to read aloud in class and then ridiculed by his peers. Another would be the school bully who exploits the weaknesses of their classmates. This stops learning and may even lead to retreat to a lower level of Maslow’s hierarchy where such threats are at a minimum. Life has changed  considerably. Special needs schools and provision within schools for dyslexia and the less able are further examples.‘When threat to the self is low, experience can be perceived in differentiated fashion and learning can proceed’ (Rogers’ fifth principle, 1969). It is this point that also underpinned Rogers humanistic approach to psychotherapy.He, the teacher, facilitator and the therapist must have: regard to the serious and meaningful problem, he must demonstrate congruence, show unconditional positive regard to his client or student and give empathic understanding. Wh ile I have condensed these four significant statements into a single sentence, together, they form part of the foundation stones of Rogers Humanistic and Person-centered approach to learning and understanding.Following these foundation stones has enabled many teachers, managers and therapist alike to help facilitate learning and assist the student or client reach the third level of Maslow’s hierarchy, love and belonging.Maslow stated that love was not to be confused with sex which is a psychological need. He likened Carl Rogers’ definition of love to ‘that of being deeply understood and deeply accepted’ (Goble,1970). He rejected Freud’s tendency to assert that love derived from sex. Maslow also felt the absence of love stifled growth. Crucially both Rogers and Maslow saw love and acceptance as a pivotal point in both learning and the path to self discovery.Humans who reach this stage carry with them an awareness of life. I have introduced Carl Jung (1955) as he described this awareness or imprint as containing: ones collective unconscious, their personal unconscious (which  includes social conditioning) and their ego.It is likely that this presents the most difficult stage in the learning process. ‘Learning which involves a change in self organization in the perception of oneself is threatening and tends to be resisted ’(Rogers’ third principle,1969).There is a whole new genre of ‘self help’ books designed to address this very challenge. A simple example, ‘It is through the pain of confronting and resolving problems that we learn’ (Scott Peck,1983). The writings of Aldous Huxley, Eckhart Toll and Ken Wilber are but a few of the many teachers who’s books have assisted parents, students and clients alike take the next step from love and acceptance to self-esteem along Maslow’s hierarchy.To change ones perception of life is for many the first stage of determining just what ‘self’ represents. Early adulthood is often a time to challenge parents, religious beliefs and much of the social conditioning one has accepted as ‘truth’ for much of one’s life.Once the student/client can believe in him/herself, be willing to break through past conditioning, great discovery and learning is possible.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœSignificant learning takes place when the subject matter is perceived by the student as having relevance for his own purposes†¦and [when] relevant to the goal, learning takes place with great rapidity’ (Rogers’ second principle,1969). Maslow would appear to concur. His concept of the ‘peak experience’, a moment of oneness with self and the universe is a breakthrough moment in the journey. To have such a moment and rush to a higher level of existence is a ‘moment of selfactualisation without the recipient becoming self actualised’ (Maslow,1970). It does provide a key motivator to continue.These peak experiences motivate and provide renewed energy and confidence, ‘Much significant learning is acquired by doing’ (Rogers’ sixth principle,1969). As the student grows, motivated by peak experiences, feeling safe and solving problems are an effective builder of self-esteem.Maslow extended his ideas in later years and found that people have two ‘categories’ of esteem needs; self-esteem and esteem from other people. It was the development of esteem from others which caused concern to Maslow in his later life and its impact upon his hierarchy. Even up to his death in 1970 he was reformulating and refining his opinions of the concept of self-actualisation. He held the view, esteem for many had become the only or most important goal. He believed the individual who allows his desires to distort his perception of self, diminishes his psychological health.This concurred with Rogers’ ninth principle, ‘Independence, creativity a nd self-reliance are all facilitated when self criticism and self-evaluation are basic and evaluation by others is of secondary importance’(1969). Rogers’ eighth principle makes a similar point, ‘Self-initiated learning which involves the whole person of the learner – feelings as well as intellect, is the most lasting and pervasive’ (1969). In the current economic climate, status and esteem from others appears to be the ultimate goal for many. Maslow noted, ‘The commonly seen hatred or resentment of or jealousy of goodness, truth, beauty†¦is largely†¦determined by threat of loss of self-esteem’ (Maslow 1968). As such, self criticism and evaluation by others will be resisted, the very opposite of Rogers’ ninth principle. ‘and evaluation by others is of secondary importance’ (1969).Openness to such higher learning requires responsibility. ‘Learning is facilitated when the student participates responsibl y in the learning process’ (Rogers’ seventh principle,1969). The opinions of Maslow would indicate protection of self-worth, ego and opinion of others to block a willingness to continue learning. At this stage the student/client remains at the level of esteem or may even retreat down the hierarchical stairs for love and comfort.Maslow saw rising above esteem to self actualisation as the most difficult steps to climb. He believed that even if all the lower needs are met, a new discontent and restlessness will follow unless ‘ the individual is doing what he is fitted for†¦ if he is to be ultimately happy’ (Maslow 1943). This statement dovetails perfectly into Rogers’ tenth and last of his principles:- ‘The most socially useful learning in the modern world is the learning of the process of learning, a continuous openness to experience and incorporation into oneself of the process of change’.Conclusion Having applied Maslow’s hi erarchy of needs to Rogers ten principles, I am able to see the obvious synergy, the seamless way that all learning must follow the five stages of needs and the benefit to any education system that using his theory of motivation would bring.Maslow's basic needs could therefore underpin an education syllabus that teaches everyone (rich and poor) that we live on a planet of limited resources for food, water and the energy to provide shelter and warmth.Maslow has always called for freedom to speak, freedom to do what one wishes  as long as no harm is done to others. In his later life Maslow questioned his theory that if the entire human species is growth orientated, why do so many fail to reach their full potential?He concluded that there was an innate human tendency towards inertia, which he explained as being psychological – the need for rest and recovery and to conserve energy. Perhaps he saw an unsustainable world, tired and exhausted, the body scrambling down his hierarch y to a place of safety. I think so. The tired exhausted body retreats, takes shortcuts. Add to this recession, political uncertainty and fear. Ultimately we remove our freedom to learn and indeed our freedom to reach our highest natural potential.A combination of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Rogers 10 Principles of Learning provide the perfect templates for a 21st century education system. Clear for all who wish to embrace it.

Spanish American War: War over Rough Riders Reign

War over Rough Riders Reign With president William McKinney taking charge in order to protect his Americans living in Cuba from the Spanish, he sent over the U. S. S Maine. But on the way over, the barbarous uncivilized Spaniards blew up the ship before it could arrive at its chosen destination. â€Å"Remember the Maine! † was cheered by Americans all over the country. George Dewey valiantly storms his American Navy into Manila Bay. Dewey’s dominance was distinct. Spain lost 384 men in this battle, America lost only 1. Dewey sacrificed 11,000 troops in the Philippines and joined forces with the Filipinos Rebels. This greatly intimidated the Spanish and made the United States very intrepid. The Rough Riders, which are a volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard Wood and Teddy Roosevelt, and 17,000 American troops, invaded the port city of Santiago in June, 1898. The Rough Riders were definitely the combatants of this battle and caused the Americans to paramount. They were so victorious that the Rough Riders led another battle; The Battle of San Juan Hill was a famous land battle that started on July 1st, 1898. Two days later, the doltish Spanish attempted to escape the American blockage of Santiago Harbor. They were unsuccessful and eventually surrendered on July 17th, 1898. American troops raided Puerto Rico in a conclusion to the last battle. This led to yet another American triumph. The United States is celebrating its victory in this brief war over Spain. As a result of winning the war, our American government has forced Spain to sign the Treaty of Paris. The clauses of this treaty are that Cuba will become independent, Spain will give Puerto Rico and the Pacific Island of Guam to the United States, and the United States will pay 20 million dollars for the annexation of the Philippines Islands. In this short 16 week war, 5,400 Americans lost their lives defending our country against the brutal Spanish. So in the end the United States was once again victorious and protected the weaker countries from certain demise of the debased Spaniards. GO U. S. A.!!!!!!!